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There are two standard approaches for complete repair. The most common congenital heart operation performed in adulthood is pulmonary valve replacement following tetralogy of Fallot repair in infancy or childhood. The surgical goal is complete repair, which consists of ventricular septal defect closure and relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, which is ideally performed with preservation of pulmonary valve function. Importantly, the application of the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt as a palliative procedure is performed much less commonly in the current era. The optimum treatment approach remains controversial, but in general, complete repair is advised in the first three to six months of life. There is no other lesion that offers the breadth of treatment history, and modifications to further improve results, that continue to the present day. In many ways, this lesion is viewed as the benchmark against which other treatment strategies for congenital heart defects are compared. Today we are going to talk about tetralogy of Fallot, which is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Joseph Dearani, M.D., Chair, Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic: My name is Joseph Dearani, and I'm the chair of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and my area of expertise is in pediatric and congenital heart disease. Babies with tetralogy of Fallot often have blue or gray skin color due to low oxygen levels. The condition causes altered blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body. These heart problems affect the structure of the heart. A baby born with the condition has four different heart problems. That means it's a congenital heart defect. Tetralogy of Fallot (teh-TRAL-uh-jee of fuh-LOW) is a rare heart condition that is present at birth. Tetralogy of Fallot changes how blood flows through the heart and to the rest of the body. The lower right heart chamber wall is thickened, a condition called right ventricular hypertrophy. The body's main artery, called the aorta, is misplaced. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve is called pulmonary stenosis.

There also is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or other area along the pathway between the heart and lungs.

There is a hole in the heart called a ventricular septal defect. Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four heart changes present at birth.

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning in nails