Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.

the Great Vowel Shift, shifting all Middle English long vowels.the inconsistent lowering of Middle English /ɛr/ to /ar/.fronting of Latin /uː/ to Middle French /yː/, becoming Middle English /iw/ and then Modern English /juː/.palatalization before front vowels of Latin /ɡ/ to Proto-Romance and Middle French /dʒ/.palatalization before front vowels of Latin /k/ successively to /tʃ/, /ts/, and finally to Middle French /s/.The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are: The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants, via French, of the Latin (and Etruscan) names. For a letter as a letter, the letter itself is most commonly used, generally in capitalised form, in which case the plural just takes -s or -'s (e.g. Plurals of vowel names also take -es (i.e., aes, ees, ies, oes, ues), but these are rare. Plurals of consonant names are formed by adding -s (e.g., bees, efs or effs, ems) or -es in the cases of aitches, esses, exes. The spellings listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary. The names of the letters are commonly spelled out in compound words and initialisms (e.g., tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, etc.), derived forms (e.g., exed out, effing, to eff and blind, aitchless, etc.), and objects named after letters (e.g., en and em in printing, and wye in railroading). There should be an internal logic to your choices to help ensure clarity.Problems playing this file? See media help. However you choose to handle writing out numbers in your work, stay consistent throughout. Those two-word numbers? Hyphenate them, e.g., ninety-nine.Spell out any number that would only take one or two words to write.If you’re writing academically and aren’t being required to adhere to another style guide, this is typically what you should follow in your work. This handbook is ubiquitous in high school and college academic settings. Fractions should be written with numerals unless they begin a sentence.Spell out large, whole, round numbers-unless they’re amounts of currency, then use numerals.Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence.Spell out numbers zero through one hundred all whole numbers should be spelled out, e.g., twelve thousand.Humanities writing often follows the rules of the Chicago Manual of Style too. The publishing industry-books, non-news magazines-typically follows CMoS. Numbers in a series should always appear as numerals any adjective before the numeral should be capitalized, e.g., Level 3 or Edition 17.Numerals should always be used for measurements, fractions, ratios, percentages, money, ages, dates, and times.Spell out numbers that appear in common phrases no matter how large they are.Spell out numbers that start sentences even if they’re above 10.Numbers nine and below are spelled out 10 and above appear as numerals.This infrequently updated style manual is often used in research writing and scientific writing. The American Psychological Association Style Manual isn’t the niche publication it’s title may imply. Unless there are minutes to add to the hour, time of day is just one number.

Avoid starting sentences with numbers most can be spelled out, but years must appear as numerals, so try to write the sentence a different way.

Spell out numbers nine and below use numerals for numbers above 10.

AP Stylebook Numbers RulesĪP Style, also known as Associated Press Style, is typically used in reportage or in other news-related contexts.

Here are the most common style guides you’ll encounter in academic and professional writing-do note that highly specialized fields or government work often come with their own strict style guidelines. Elevate your writing with real-time, intelligent assistance Learn More Rules About Numbers by Style GuideĬhoosing a style guide to follow depends on the purpose of and audience for your writing.

Spell english alphabet